{"id":2303,"date":"2025-02-06T06:10:37","date_gmt":"2025-02-06T06:10:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.liyuebattery.com\/?p=2303"},"modified":"2025-03-13T05:57:59","modified_gmt":"2025-03-13T05:57:59","slug":"how-the-u-s-ira-is-strengthening-chinas-battery-dominance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.liyuebattery.com\/fr\/blog\/how-the-u-s-ira-is-strengthening-chinas-battery-dominance\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment l'IRA am\u00e9ricaine renforce la domination de la Chine sur le march\u00e9 des batteries"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les cons\u00e9quences inattendues de l'IRA\u00a0: le renforcement de l'industrie chinoise des batteries<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Lorsque le gouvernement am\u00e9ricain a adopt\u00e9 la loi sur la r\u00e9duction de l'inflation (IRA) en 2022, son objectif \u00e9tait simple\u00a0: renforcer la cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement nationale am\u00e9ricaine afin de faire des \u00c9tats-Unis un leader dans le domaine des batteries pour v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques et de contrer les entreprises chinoises. Le plan pr\u00e9voyait d'offrir des subventions massives \u2013 1\u00a0044\u00a0000\u00a0$ par kilowattheure (kWh) de batterie produite \u2013 pour inciter les entreprises \u00e0 fabriquer leurs batteries aux \u00c9tats-Unis plut\u00f4t qu'en Chine. Mais les choses ne se sont pas d\u00e9roul\u00e9es comme pr\u00e9vu. Au lieu d'\u00e9liminer les entreprises chinoises, l'IRA contribue en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e0 les renforcer. Voici pourquoi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Commen\u00e7ons par les subventions. L'id\u00e9e \u00e9tait de r\u00e9duire les co\u00fbts de fabrication des batteries pour les entreprises am\u00e9ricaines afin qu'elles puissent concurrencer la Chine. Mais il y a un probl\u00e8me\u00a0: la fabrication de batteries exige non seulement des investissements consid\u00e9rables, mais aussi une technologie de pointe. Les entreprises chinoises, comme\u2026 CATL <\/a>et BYD <\/a>ont pass\u00e9 plus d'une d\u00e9cennie \u00e0 perfectionner leur technologie et \u00e0 investir dans la recherche et le d\u00e9veloppement, notamment batteries au lithium fer phosphate (LFP)<\/a>, qui sont moins ch\u00e8res et plus s\u00fbres que les autres types de batteries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quand Gu\u00e9 <\/a>Ford a annonc\u00e9 un accord de 14 milliards de dollars avec CATL pour la construction d'une usine de batteries LFP dans le Michigan, r\u00e9v\u00e9lant ainsi le retard technologique consid\u00e9rable des entreprises am\u00e9ricaines. Au lieu de d\u00e9velopper sa propre technologie, Ford a opt\u00e9 pour l'acquisition de licences de brevets aupr\u00e8s de CATL afin de produire des batteries. Pourquoi ? Parce que c'est plus rapide et moins co\u00fbteux que de partir de z\u00e9ro. Les subventions de l'IRA rendent ce partenariat plus attractif, mais elles ne r\u00e9solvent pas le probl\u00e8me fondamental : les entreprises am\u00e9ricaines sont en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 bien plus d\u00e9pendantes de la technologie chinoise qu'on ne le pense !<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"Pouch<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Lithium-ion<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tarifs contre-productifs<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Afin de prot\u00e9ger les entreprises am\u00e9ricaines, le gouvernement des \u00c9tats-Unis non seulement perd de l'argent en subventionnant les entreprises nationales, mais impose \u00e9galement des droits de douane aux entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res\u00a0! Les batteries produites en Chine sont \u00e0 elles seules soumises \u00e0 des droits de douane atteignant 38,41\u00a0TP3T. Pourtant, ces droits de douane n'ont pas nui aux entreprises chinoises\u00a0; au contraire, ils les ont incit\u00e9es \u00e0 innover. Par exemple, BYD construit une importante usine de batteries au Mexique. Le Mexique \u00e9tant signataire de l'accord commercial ACEUM, les batteries qui y sont produites peuvent \u00eatre import\u00e9es aux \u00c9tats-Unis sans droits de douane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une autre entreprise chinoise, \u00c9nergie EVE<\/a>, L'entreprise se d\u00e9veloppe \u00e9galement en Malaisie. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l'accord commercial RCEP, les batteries produites en Malaisie b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d'une r\u00e9duction tarifaire (article 10%) lors de leur exportation vers les \u00c9tats-Unis. Ces initiatives d\u00e9montrent que les entreprises chinoises ont non seulement surmont\u00e9 les barri\u00e8res commerciales am\u00e9ricaines, mais qu'elles ont aussi acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 leur mondialisation et prosp\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 travers le monde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le vrai probl\u00e8me : la technologie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le c\u0153ur du probl\u00e8me ne r\u00e9side ni dans l'argent ni dans les droits de douane, mais dans la technologie. Les entreprises chinoises b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d'une avance consid\u00e9rable. Elles ont consacr\u00e9 des ann\u00e9es \u00e0 l'am\u00e9lioration des batteries LFP, les rendant moins ch\u00e8res et plus performantes. Aujourd'hui, les entreprises chinoises peuvent produire des batteries \u00e0 $50\/kWh, tandis que les entreprises am\u00e9ricaines ne peuvent produire que des batteries \u00e0 $120\/kWh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les subventions des comptes de retraite individuels (IRA) peuvent contribuer \u00e0 r\u00e9duire cet \u00e9cart, mais elles ne constituent qu'une solution temporaire. Sans investissements cons\u00e9quents dans la recherche et le d\u00e9veloppement, les \u00c9tats-Unis continueront de prendre du retard. L'accord CATL-Ford n'est qu'un d\u00e9but. \u00c0 mesure que davantage d'entreprises am\u00e9ricaines prendront conscience de leur incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre comp\u00e9titives seules, nous pourrions assister \u00e0 une multiplication des coentreprises avec des entreprises chinoises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'effet secondaire inattendu de l'IRA n'est pas seulement d'inciter les entreprises chinoises \u00e0 s'implanter dans des pays comme le Mexique et la Malaisie\u00a0; les \u00c9tats-Unis aident en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 ces entreprises \u00e0 b\u00e2tir une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement mondiale pour les batteries. Ce n'\u00e9tait peut-\u00eatre pas l'intention des l\u00e9gislateurs, mais c'est une bonne nouvelle pour la plan\u00e8te et les consommateurs. Une cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement plus diversifi\u00e9e signifie des prix plus stables et moins de p\u00e9nuries, et les exportations chinoises de batteries sont en forte croissance\u00a0: elles ont augment\u00e9 de 231\u00a0000 tonnes l'an dernier. La Chine reste en t\u00eate malgr\u00e9 les droits de douane et les subventions. La v\u00e9ritable comp\u00e9tition ne r\u00e9side pas dans la construction du plus grand nombre d'usines, mais dans la capacit\u00e9 d'innover le plus rapidement. Et pour l'instant, c'est la Chine qui l'emporte.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The IRA\u2019s Unintended Consequences: Strengthening China\u2019s Battery Industry When the U.S. government passed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) resolution in 2022, the U.S. government\u2019s goal was simple: strengthen the U.S. domestic supply chain to make the United States a leader in electric vehicle (EV) batteries and suppress Chinese companies. The plan was to offer huge […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2040,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2303","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"blocksy_meta":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow the U.S. IRA is Strengthening China\u2019s Battery Dominance - Custom Lithium Battery Manufacturer & Supplier - Liyue<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The U.S. Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) aimed to boost domestic EV battery production but is instead empowering Chinese lithium battery leaders like CATL and BYD. 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